Fish-friendly turbines - Revision history

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "category:Measures" to "category:Solutions"

2020-10-26T10:03:03Z

Text replacement - "category:Measures" to "category:Solutions"

Bendikhansen at 12:05, 6 April 2020

2020-04-06T12:05:14Z

Bendikhansen at 12:43, 12 March 2020

2020-03-12T12:43:06Z

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "m3" to "m³"

2020-02-21T10:19:27Z

Text replacement - "m3" to "m<sup>3</sup>"

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "=Useful MTDs=" to "=Relevant MTDs and test cases="

2020-01-21T14:21:33Z

Text replacement - "=Useful MTDs=" to "=Relevant MTDs and test cases="

Bendikhansen at 14:09, 20 January 2020

2020-01-20T14:09:09Z

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

2020-01-15T11:53:26Z

Classification table

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

2020-01-15T11:53:04Z

Classification table

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

2019-10-28T10:34:16Z

Classification table

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

2019-10-25T10:54:47Z

Classification table

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:03, 26 October 2020
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	*Winter, HV., Bierman, SM. and Griffioen, AB. 2012. Field test for mortality of eel after passage through the newly developed turbine of Pentair Fairbanks Nijhuis and FishFlow Innovations. s.l. : IMARES Report number C111/12., 2012.		*Winter, HV., Bierman, SM. and Griffioen, AB. 2012. Field test for mortality of eel after passage through the newly developed turbine of Pentair Fairbanks Nijhuis and FishFlow Innovations. s.l. : IMARES Report number C111/12., 2012.

−	[[category:Downstream fish migration measures]][[category:~~Measures~~]][[Category:Needs improvement]]	+	[[category:Downstream fish migration measures]][[category:Solutions]][[Category:Needs improvement]]

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-[[category:Downstream fish migration measures]][[category:Measures]][[Category:Needs improvement]]
+[[file:icon_downstream.png|right|150px|link=[[Downstream fish migration]]]]
 =Introduction=
 [[file:MGR_vertical.png|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Minimum gap runner.]]
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 *Vriese, FT. 2015. Evaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with scale models of the Pentair Fairbanks Nijhuis Modified Bulb turbine and the Water2Energy Cross Flow turbine. s.l. : ATKB, Report version 01-09-2015, 2015.
 *Winter, HV., Bierman, SM. and Griffioen, AB. 2012. Field test for mortality of eel after passage through the newly developed turbine of Pentair Fairbanks Nijhuis and FishFlow Innovations. s.l. : IMARES Report number C111/12., 2012.

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 {{Fish-friendly turbines}}
-=References=
+=Relevant literature=
 *Ahmann, M., et al. 2015. An Overview of the Ice Harbor Turbine Replacement Project ( June 22, 2015). s.l. : International Conference on Engineering and Ecohydrology for Fish Passage. Paper 28, 2015.
 *Albayrak, I., Kriewitz, C.R. and Boes, R.M. 2014. Downstream passage technologies Experiences on the Columbia and Snake rivers. s.l. : VAW - ETH Zürich 261-271, 2014.

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 ===Minimum gap runner===
-Developments of Minimum Gap Runner (MGR; Kaplan) were performed and are still underway to modify the design of large Kaplan turbines (several hundreds of m3/s and heads between 10 and 25 m), essentially on the Columbia and Snake River dams (west coast of USA). For example: installation of advanced turbines Minimum Gap Runner (MGR) at Bonneville Dam (replacement of the 10 units from 1998 to 2010), and at Wanapum Dam ( (NAI, 2000); (Dauble, et al., 2007); (USACE, 2013)), projects of turbine replacement at Ice Harbor Dam (Ahmann, et al., 2015) and at Priest Rapid Dam. The runner blades are designed in such way that there is only a minimal gap between the blade edges and the hub or outer periphery/ This can be achieved if the blades of the minimum gap runners are exactly matched to the spherical hub and outer periphery. The advantages of MGRs over the conventional Kaplan turbines are (1) the enhancement of overall turbine efficiency and (2) increased fish survival rate from 88% to 95% due to decreased rapid and extreme pressure changes, shear stress, turbulence and blade strike (Albayrak, et al., 2014).
+Developments of Minimum Gap Runner (MGR; Kaplan) were performed and are still underway to modify the design of large Kaplan turbines (several hundreds of m<sup>3</sup>/s and heads between 10 and 25 m), essentially on the Columbia and Snake River dams (west coast of USA). For example: installation of advanced turbines Minimum Gap Runner (MGR) at Bonneville Dam (replacement of the 10 units from 1998 to 2010), and at Wanapum Dam ( (NAI, 2000); (Dauble, et al., 2007); (USACE, 2013)), projects of turbine replacement at Ice Harbor Dam (Ahmann, et al., 2015) and at Priest Rapid Dam. The runner blades are designed in such way that there is only a minimal gap between the blade edges and the hub or outer periphery/ This can be achieved if the blades of the minimum gap runners are exactly matched to the spherical hub and outer periphery. The advantages of MGRs over the conventional Kaplan turbines are (1) the enhancement of overall turbine efficiency and (2) increased fish survival rate from 88% to 95% due to decreased rapid and extreme pressure changes, shear stress, turbulence and blade strike (Albayrak, et al., 2014).
 ===Alden Turbine===
-The Alden turbine was developed for higher heads (10-40 m) and discharge ranging from 25 m3/s to several hundreds of m3/s (Allen, et al., 2015). Promising results were obtained on a down-scaled model (1:3.25; discharge of 1.4-2.7 m3/s and head of 10.7-25.9 m): survival rates between 80% and 97% for rainbow trout, smallmouth bass, alewife and coho salmon depending on the head-discharge configuration and length of fish (from 35 to 175 mm) and greater than 97-98% for eels (249 and 431 mm) and white sturgeon (102 mm) were achieved. Therefore, survivals for prototype turbines are predicted to be about 96-98% or higher (Cook, et al., 2003). A first prototype site for demonstration purposes is still looked for (Dixon, 2015).
+The Alden turbine was developed for higher heads (10-40 m) and discharge ranging from 25 m<sup>3</sup>/s to several hundreds of m<sup>3</sup>/s (Allen, et al., 2015). Promising results were obtained on a down-scaled model (1:3.25; discharge of 1.4-2.7 m<sup>3</sup>/s and head of 10.7-25.9 m): survival rates between 80% and 97% for rainbow trout, smallmouth bass, alewife and coho salmon depending on the head-discharge configuration and length of fish (from 35 to 175 mm) and greater than 97-98% for eels (249 and 431 mm) and white sturgeon (102 mm) were achieved. Therefore, survivals for prototype turbines are predicted to be about 96-98% or higher (Cook, et al., 2003). A first prototype site for demonstration purposes is still looked for (Dixon, 2015).
 ===Low pressure turbine===
-A low pressure turbine has been developed by Pentair Fairbanks Nijhuis and FishFlow Innovations. The geometry of the runner blades is designed to create optimal flow conditions for the fish. By using a small number of blades and also a helical shape; the probability of collision with the fish is reduced. First test on a down-scaled model (1:5; discharge of 3 m3/s and head of 2 m), alongside pumping station Leeghwater at Buitenkaag, the Netherlands, show no mortality on small eels (mean length around 420mm; (Winter, et al., 2012)). However, part of the eels showed minor injuries. Another test, still on down-scaled model (1:16; discharge of 0.7-0.8 m3/s and head of 0.51-0.82 m) installed near the village of Maurik at the Nederrijn, shows low mortalities on pike perch (2-6%; mean length around 170 mm) and trout (0-1%; mean length around 170 mm), and no mortality or damages on eels (mean length around 250 mm) (Vriese, 2015). These results are promising for prototype turbines which can be installed as turbine, pump and tidal station (bi-directional turbine), with low head (< 6 m) and high discharge (up to several hundreds of m3/s).
+A low pressure turbine has been developed by Pentair Fairbanks Nijhuis and FishFlow Innovations. The geometry of the runner blades is designed to create optimal flow conditions for the fish. By using a small number of blades and also a helical shape; the probability of collision with the fish is reduced. First test on a down-scaled model (1:5; discharge of 3 m<sup>3</sup>/s and head of 2 m), alongside pumping station Leeghwater at Buitenkaag, the Netherlands, show no mortality on small eels (mean length around 420mm; (Winter, et al., 2012)). However, part of the eels showed minor injuries. Another test, still on down-scaled model (1:16; discharge of 0.7-0.8 m<sup>3</sup>/s and head of 0.51-0.82 m) installed near the village of Maurik at the Nederrijn, shows low mortalities on pike perch (2-6%; mean length around 170 mm) and trout (0-1%; mean length around 170 mm), and no mortality or damages on eels (mean length around 250 mm) (Vriese, 2015). These results are promising for prototype turbines which can be installed as turbine, pump and tidal station (bi-directional turbine), with low head (< 6 m) and high discharge (up to several hundreds of m<sup>3</sup>/s).
 ===Very-low head turbine===
-Very-Low Head (VLH) turbines are suitable for discharges from 10 to 27 m3/s and for very small heights (H=1.4 – 3.2 m). The turbine is principally a Kaplan turbine with fixed wicket gates. The turbine is typically installed at a vertical angle of 45° to the main flow direction. The turbine is favorable with regard to the fish-passage, due to relatively low peripheral velocities, low minimum pressure and pressure gradients and small velocity gradients through shear zones. Tests on the first prototype of VLH show still residual mortalities on smolts and eels due to pinch points between the blade's extremities and the mantle (Ecogea (2008a) (2008b)). A second generation of runners was developed and tested showing no mortality for smolts (232 mm) and eels (760 mm); there are still some mortalities on large salmonids like kelts (1-4% depending on the blade opening for fish of 482 mm) ( (Ecogea, 2011), (Ecogea, 2013)).
+Very-Low Head (VLH) turbines are suitable for discharges from 10 to 27 m<sup>3</sup>/s and for very small heights (H=1.4 – 3.2 m). The turbine is principally a Kaplan turbine with fixed wicket gates. The turbine is typically installed at a vertical angle of 45° to the main flow direction. The turbine is favorable with regard to the fish-passage, due to relatively low peripheral velocities, low minimum pressure and pressure gradients and small velocity gradients through shear zones. Tests on the first prototype of VLH show still residual mortalities on smolts and eels due to pinch points between the blade's extremities and the mantle (Ecogea (2008a) (2008b)). A second generation of runners was developed and tested showing no mortality for smolts (232 mm) and eels (760 mm); there are still some mortalities on large salmonids like kelts (1-4% depending on the blade opening for fish of 482 mm) ( (Ecogea, 2011), (Ecogea, 2013)).
 ===Archimedes or hydrodynamic screws===
-Archimedes or hydrodynamic screws are developed by several companies for discharge from hundreds of l/s to several m3/s (up to 7 m3/s to our knowledge), and heads between 1 and 10 m. Depending on the type of srex and their design, there is a risk of damage due to spaces and sharp edges (Ebel 2013). For example, at Ham Power Station in the Albert Canal (11m head) 50-70% of the fish were damaged (Johan Coeck, pers.comm.), which was attributed to both the design and the pressure altitude. Depending on the screw length, the screw-axis can bend and create significant gaps between the screw and the housing, thereby causing fish damage. Archimedes screws with rotating mantle can overcome the issue of gaps, but require higher technical efforts and respective costs. However, several tests, notably performed at Höxter on the Nethe River (Germany; (Späh, 2001)), at the Hooidonkse Mill (Netherlands; (Merkx, et al., 2007)) and on the Dart and Derwent Rivers (UK; (Fishtek, 2007), (Fishtek, 2008), (Fishtek, 2009)) showed that there is very low or no damage to various species, including smolts, kelts and eels, if some precautions are respected (Environment Agency, 2012):
+Archimedes or hydrodynamic screws are developed by several companies for discharge from hundreds of l/s to several m<sup>3</sup>/s (up to 7 m<sup>3</sup>/s to our knowledge), and heads between 1 and 10 m. Depending on the type of srex and their design, there is a risk of damage due to spaces and sharp edges (Ebel 2013). For example, at Ham Power Station in the Albert Canal (11m head) 50-70% of the fish were damaged (Johan Coeck, pers.comm.), which was attributed to both the design and the pressure altitude. Depending on the screw length, the screw-axis can bend and create significant gaps between the screw and the housing, thereby causing fish damage. Archimedes screws with rotating mantle can overcome the issue of gaps, but require higher technical efforts and respective costs. However, several tests, notably performed at Höxter on the Nethe River (Germany; (Späh, 2001)), at the Hooidonkse Mill (Netherlands; (Merkx, et al., 2007)) and on the Dart and Derwent Rivers (UK; (Fishtek, 2007), (Fishtek, 2008), (Fishtek, 2009)) showed that there is very low or no damage to various species, including smolts, kelts and eels, if some precautions are respected (Environment Agency, 2012):
 *leading edge of the screw must be within the perimeter of the trough (not protruding) and protected by compressible rubber bumpers,
 *smooth mantle surface

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 Fish mortality through turbine can be monitored in situ thanks to injection of fishes in the turbines.
-=Useful MTDs=
+=Relevant MTDs and test cases=
 {{Suitable MTDs for Fish-friendly turbines}}

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 ==During operation==
 Fish mortality through turbine can be monitored in situ thanks to injection of fishes in the turbines.
 =Classification table=
 '''Please note:''' TRL will vary based on the turbine type. Alden Turbine and Low Pressure Turbine are at TRL 4/5, while MRG, VLH and Archimedes screw are at TRL 8/9. Additionally, the dam height the measure is suitable will depend on the turbine type.

Fish-friendly turbines - Revision history

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "category:Measures" to "category:Solutions"

Bendikhansen at 12:05, 6 April 2020

Bendikhansen at 12:43, 12 March 2020

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "m3" to "m3"

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "=Useful MTDs=" to "=Relevant MTDs and test cases="

Bendikhansen at 14:09, 20 January 2020

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "m3" to "m³"