Mitigating reduced annual flow and low flow measures - Revision history

Bendikhansen: /* Relevant literature */

2020-10-26T10:05:09Z

Relevant literature

Dominique Courret at 20:10, 5 May 2020

2020-05-05T20:10:04Z

Dominique Courret at 13:18, 3 May 2020

2020-05-03T13:18:55Z

Dominique Courret at 13:07, 3 May 2020

2020-05-03T13:07:00Z

Bendikhansen at 11:53, 6 April 2020

2020-04-06T11:53:02Z

Bendikhansen at 12:44, 12 March 2020

2020-03-12T12:44:36Z

Bendikhansen: Text replacement - "=Useful MTDs=" to "=Relevant MTDs and test cases="

2020-01-21T14:21:35Z

Text replacement - "=Useful MTDs=" to "=Relevant MTDs and test cases="

Bendikhansen at 14:13, 20 January 2020

2020-01-20T14:13:43Z

Bendikhansen: /* Classification table */

2019-10-28T10:37:44Z

Classification table

Bendikhansen at 14:30, 25 October 2019

2019-10-25T14:30:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:05, 26 October 2020
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	Tharme, R., King, J. and De Villiers, M.S. 1998. Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Updated adition. WRC Report No TT 354/08.		Tharme, R., King, J. and De Villiers, M.S. 1998. Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Updated adition. WRC Report No TT 354/08.

−	[[~~Category~~:~~Measures~~]][[category:Environmental flow measures]]	+	[[category:Solutions]][[category:Environmental flow measures]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 =Introduction=
 [[file:lundesokna_high_low.png|thumb|500px|Figure 1: The photos show Lundesokna in central Norway at different water flows.]]
-[[file:Building_block_method.png|thumb|500px|Figure 2: An example of the building block method showing average flow curves before and after regulation, and the key flow blocks. Duration (x-axis, width) multiplied by flow (y-axis, height) provides a measure of the volume of water in question (area of the blocks) and these can be summed to give the reach's "water pool". 1=egg survival and winter habitat, 2=smolt out-migration, 3=flushing flows, 4=juvenile fish growth, 5=juvenile fish habitat, 6=artificial freshets to facilitate angling interests and promote spawning migration, 7=spawning. The colours indicate prioritisation – from orange (high) to blue (low), based on the severity of identified hydrologic bottlenecks. Source [4].]]
+[[file:Building_block_method.png|thumb|500px|Figure 2: An example of the building block method showing average flow curves before and after regulation, and the key flow blocks. Duration (x-axis, width) multiplied by flow (y-axis, height) provides a measure of the volume of water in question (area of the blocks) and these can be summed to give the reach's "water pool". 1=egg survival and winter habitat, 2=smolt out-migration, 3=flushing flows, 4=juvenile fish growth, 5=juvenile fish habitat, 6=artificial freshets to facilitate angling interests and promote spawning migration, 7=spawning. The colours indicate prioritisation – from orange (high) to blue (low), based on the severity of identified hydrologic bottlenecks.]]
 [[file:gauge2.png|250px|thumb|Figure 3: Gauging station monitoring water level and water flow]]
 [[file:gauge1.jpg|250px|thumb|Figure 4: Gauging station monitoring water level and water flow]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 =[[Methods, tools, and devices]]=
 ==During planning==
-The most common method to define environmental flow, or more correctly minimum flow, in Europe is to use of simple statistical criteria [1]. Q95 or variants of this is used in several countries as benchmark for the lowest flow releases in rivers with dramatically reduced flows. Q95 refers to the flow that during the natural conditions is exceeded in 95% of the time. Q95 is licence agreement defined as a constant flow that should be released throughout the year, or as a flow level defined based on natural flows during summer and winter, respectively, giving different statistic of flow regime during summer and winter. Bakken et al. [2] concluded in their review where the practice in a number of European countries were assessed, that the environmental flow requirements are typically in the range 5-10 % of mean annual flow.
+The most common method to define environmental flow, or more correctly minimum flow, in Europe is to use of simple statistical criteria (Bakken et al., 2012). Q95 or variants of this is used in several countries as benchmark for the lowest flow releases in rivers with dramatically reduced flows. Q95 refers to the flow that during the natural conditions is exceeded in 95% of the time. Q95 is licence agreement defined as a constant flow that should be released throughout the year, or as a flow level defined based on natural flows during summer and winter, respectively, giving different statistic of flow regime during summer and winter. Bakken et al. (2012) concluded in their review where the practice in a number of European countries were assessed, that the environmental flow requirements are typically in the range 5-10 % of mean annual flow.
-In some countries and in selected cases more advanced approaches are used, taking into account the natural variation in flow regime, and the varying flow requirements over the year. The building Block Method (BBM) [3] is one approach, while the environmental design concept [4] has received very much positivism in Norway from both the hydropower industry, management authorities as well as various stakeholder groups. The Building Block Method intends to define flow regimes that are closer to the natural variation in water flow, i.e. mimicking natural floods, freshets and low flow periods. The environmental design concept aims at identifying the factors limiting the development of the fish population, which can be directly related to the flow regime, and then define the most efficient measures to the lowest cost. The environmental design concept also introduces the ‘water bank’ idea, where the water available for environmental purposes is released during the periods it is most needed.
+In some countries and in selected cases more advanced approaches are used, taking into account the natural variation in flow regime, and the varying flow requirements over the year. The building Block Method (BBM) (Tharme et al., 1998) is one approach, while the environmental design concept (Forseth and Harby 2014) has received very much positivism in Norway from both the hydropower industry, management authorities as well as various stakeholder groups. The Building Block Method intends to define flow regimes that are closer to the natural variation in water flow, i.e. mimicking natural floods, freshets and low flow periods. The environmental design concept aims at identifying the factors limiting the development of the fish population, which can be directly related to the flow regime, and then define the most efficient measures to the lowest cost. The environmental design concept also introduces the ‘water bank’ idea, where the water available for environmental purposes is released during the periods it is most needed.
 Hydraulic habitat modelling is a highly sophisticated approach that has been developed since the 1980’s, where the PHABSIM was one of the first computer program for such analysis. Hydraulic habitat modelling has been used in several cases where more detailed studies are required before the water flow regime can be defined, in addition to a large range of purely scientific studies. Hydraulic habitat modelling aims at identifying flows where the habitat conditions are suitable, based on various groups of species’ preferences for hydraulic variable such as water velocity, water depth and substrate conditions. This would sometimes reveal that increasing water flow will not always increase the areas of suitable habitat. Such studies have been carried out mostly related to defining suitable conditions for fish, but is in some cases also applied for benthic invertebrates. Hydraulic habitat modelling would require a 2- or 3-dimensional hydraulic model taking flow as input, and a set of ranges where water velocities, depths and substrate conditions are suitable. Casimir is such a tool that is developed in Germany, but applied in several rivers across Europe, as well as outside Europe. Hydraulic habitat modelling must be considered an ecosystem-based analysis, in contrast to the much simpler statistical approaches, such as applying Q95.
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 =Relevant literature=
-[1] Bakken et al., WFD-report.
+Bakken, T.H., Zinke, P., Melcher, A., Sundt, H., Vehanen, T., Jorde, K. and Acreman, M. 2012. Setting Environmental flows in regulated rivers. SINTEF report Serial No. TR A7246. ISBN 978-82-594-3529-3.
-[2] Bakken, T.H., Zinke, P., Melcher, A., Sundt, H., Vehanen, T., Jorde, K. and Acreman, M. 2012. Setting Environmental flows in regulated rivers. SINTEF report Serial No. TR A7246. ISBN 978-82-594-3529-3.
+Forseth, T. and Harby, A. 2014. Handbook for Environmental design in Regulated salmon Rivers. NINA Special Reports 53. Trondheim: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.
-[3] Tharme, R., King, J. and De Villiers, M.S. 1998. Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Updated adition. WRC Report No TT 354/08.
+Tharme, R., King, J. and De Villiers, M.S. 1998. Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Updated adition. WRC Report No TT 354/08.
 [[Category:Measures]][[category:Environmental flow measures]]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 =Introduction=
 [[file:lundesokna_high_low.png|thumb|500px|Figure 1: The photos show Lundesokna in central Norway at different water flows.]]
-[[file:Building_block_method.png|thumb|500px|Figure 2: An example of the building block method showing average flow curves before and after regulation, and the key flow blocks. Duration (x-axis, width) multiplied by flow (y-axis, height) provides a measure of the volume of water in question (area of the blocks) and these can be summed to give the reach's "water pool". 1=egg survival and winter habitat, 2=smolt out-migration, 3=flushing flows, 4=juvenile fish growth, 5=juvenile fish habitat, 6=artificial freshets to facilitate angling interests and promote spawning migration, 7=spawning. The colours indicate prioritisation – from orange (high) to blue (low), based on the severity of identified hydrologic bottlenecks.]]
+[[file:Building_block_method.png|thumb|500px|Figure 2: An example of the building block method showing average flow curves before and after regulation, and the key flow blocks. Duration (x-axis, width) multiplied by flow (y-axis, height) provides a measure of the volume of water in question (area of the blocks) and these can be summed to give the reach's "water pool". 1=egg survival and winter habitat, 2=smolt out-migration, 3=flushing flows, 4=juvenile fish growth, 5=juvenile fish habitat, 6=artificial freshets to facilitate angling interests and promote spawning migration, 7=spawning. The colours indicate prioritisation – from orange (high) to blue (low), based on the severity of identified hydrologic bottlenecks. Source [4].]]
 [[file:gauge2.png|250px|thumb|Figure 3: Gauging station monitoring water level and water flow]]
 [[file:gauge1.jpg|250px|thumb|Figure 4: Gauging station monitoring water level and water flow]]
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 =[[Methods, tools, and devices]]=
 ==During planning==
-The most common method to define environmental flow, or more correctly minimum flow, in Europe is to use of simple statistical criteria (Bakken et al., WFD-report). Q95 or variants of this is used in several countries as benchmark for the lowest flow releases in rivers with dramatically reduced flows. Q95 refers to the flow that during the natural conditions is exceeded in 95% of the time. Q95 is licence agreement defined as a constant flow that should be released throughout the year, or as a flow level defined based on natural flows during summer and winter, respectively, giving different statistic of flow regime during summer and winter. Bakken et al. (2012) concluded in their review where the practice in a number of European countries were assessed, that the environmental flow requirements are typically in the range 5-10 % of mean annual flow.
+The most common method to define environmental flow, or more correctly minimum flow, in Europe is to use of simple statistical criteria [1]. Q95 or variants of this is used in several countries as benchmark for the lowest flow releases in rivers with dramatically reduced flows. Q95 refers to the flow that during the natural conditions is exceeded in 95% of the time. Q95 is licence agreement defined as a constant flow that should be released throughout the year, or as a flow level defined based on natural flows during summer and winter, respectively, giving different statistic of flow regime during summer and winter. Bakken et al. [2] concluded in their review where the practice in a number of European countries were assessed, that the environmental flow requirements are typically in the range 5-10 % of mean annual flow.
-In some countries and in selected cases more advanced approaches are used, taking into account the natural variation in flow regime, and the varying flow requirements over the year. The building Block Method (BBM) (Tharme and King, 1998) is one approach, while the environmental design concept (Forseth and Harby, 2014) has received very much positivism in Norway from both the hydropower industry, management authorities as well as various stakeholder groups. The Building Block Method intends to define flow regimes that are closer to the natural variation in water flow, i.e. mimicking natural floods, freshets and low flow periods. The environmental design concept aims at identifying the factors limiting the development of the fish population, which can be directly related to the flow regime, and then define the most efficient measures to the lowest cost. The environmental design concept also introduces the ‘water bank’ idea, where the water available for environmental purposes is released during the periods it is most needed.
+In some countries and in selected cases more advanced approaches are used, taking into account the natural variation in flow regime, and the varying flow requirements over the year. The building Block Method (BBM) [3] is one approach, while the environmental design concept [4] has received very much positivism in Norway from both the hydropower industry, management authorities as well as various stakeholder groups. The Building Block Method intends to define flow regimes that are closer to the natural variation in water flow, i.e. mimicking natural floods, freshets and low flow periods. The environmental design concept aims at identifying the factors limiting the development of the fish population, which can be directly related to the flow regime, and then define the most efficient measures to the lowest cost. The environmental design concept also introduces the ‘water bank’ idea, where the water available for environmental purposes is released during the periods it is most needed.
 Hydraulic habitat modelling is a highly sophisticated approach that has been developed since the 1980’s, where the PHABSIM was one of the first computer program for such analysis. Hydraulic habitat modelling has been used in several cases where more detailed studies are required before the water flow regime can be defined, in addition to a large range of purely scientific studies. Hydraulic habitat modelling aims at identifying flows where the habitat conditions are suitable, based on various groups of species’ preferences for hydraulic variable such as water velocity, water depth and substrate conditions. This would sometimes reveal that increasing water flow will not always increase the areas of suitable habitat. Such studies have been carried out mostly related to defining suitable conditions for fish, but is in some cases also applied for benthic invertebrates. Hydraulic habitat modelling would require a 2- or 3-dimensional hydraulic model taking flow as input, and a set of ranges where water velocities, depths and substrate conditions are suitable. Casimir is such a tool that is developed in Germany, but applied in several rivers across Europe, as well as outside Europe. Hydraulic habitat modelling must be considered an ecosystem-based analysis, in contrast to the much simpler statistical approaches, such as applying Q95.
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 =Relevant literature=
-Bakken et al., WFD-report.
+[1] Bakken et al., WFD-report.
-Bakken, T.H., Zinke, P., Melcher, A., Sundt, H., Vehanen, T., Jorde, K. and Acreman, M. 2012. Setting Environmental flows in regulated rivers. SINTEF report Serial No. TR A7246. ISBN 978-82-594-3529-3.
+[2] Bakken, T.H., Zinke, P., Melcher, A., Sundt, H., Vehanen, T., Jorde, K. and Acreman, M. 2012. Setting Environmental flows in regulated rivers. SINTEF report Serial No. TR A7246. ISBN 978-82-594-3529-3.
-Tharme, R., King, J. and De Villiers, M.S. 1998. Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Updated adition. WRC Report No TT 354/08.
+[3] Tharme, R., King, J. and De Villiers, M.S. 1998. Environmental Flow Assessments for Rivers: Manual for the Building Block Methodology. Updated adition. WRC Report No TT 354/08.
-Forseth, T. and Harby, A. 2014. Handbook for Environmental design in Regulated salmon Rivers. NINA Special Reports 53. Trondheim: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.
+[4] Forseth, T. and Harby, A. 2014. Handbook for Environmental design in Regulated salmon Rivers. NINA Special Reports 53. Trondheim: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.
 [[Category:Measures]][[category:Environmental flow measures]]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 =[[Methods, tools, and devices]]=
 ==During planning==
-The most common method to define environmental flow, or more correctly minimum flow, in Europe is to use of simple statistical criteria (Bakken et al., WFD-report). Q95 or variants of this is used in several countries as benchmark for the lowest flow releases in rivers with dramatically reduced flows. Q95 refers to the flow that during the natural conditions is exceeded in 95% of the time. Q95 is licence agreement defined as a constant flow that should be released throughout the year, or as a flow level defined based on natural flows during summer and winter, respectively, giving different static flow regimes summer and winter. Bakken et al. (2012) concluded in their review where the practice in a number of European countries were assessed, that the environmental flow requirements are typically in the range 5-10 % of mean annual flow.
+The most common method to define environmental flow, or more correctly minimum flow, in Europe is to use of simple statistical criteria (Bakken et al., WFD-report). Q95 or variants of this is used in several countries as benchmark for the lowest flow releases in rivers with dramatically reduced flows. Q95 refers to the flow that during the natural conditions is exceeded in 95% of the time. Q95 is licence agreement defined as a constant flow that should be released throughout the year, or as a flow level defined based on natural flows during summer and winter, respectively, giving different statistic of flow regime during summer and winter. Bakken et al. (2012) concluded in their review where the practice in a number of European countries were assessed, that the environmental flow requirements are typically in the range 5-10 % of mean annual flow.
-In some countries and in selected cases more advanced approaches are used, taking into account the natural variation in flow regime, and the varying flow requirements over the year. The building Block Method (BBM) (Tharme and King, XXXX) is one approach, while the environmental design concept (Forseth and Harby, 2014) has received very much positivism in Norway from both the hydropower industry, management authorities as well as various stakeholder groups. The Building Block Method intends to define flow regimes that are closer to the natural variation in water flow, i.e. mimicking natural floods, freshets and low flow periods. The environmental design concept aims at identifying the factors limiting the development of the fish population, which can be directly related to the flow regime, and then define the most efficient measures to the lowest cost. The environmental design concept also introduces the ‘water bank’ idea, where the water available for environmental purposes is released during the periods during the it is most needed.
+In some countries and in selected cases more advanced approaches are used, taking into account the natural variation in flow regime, and the varying flow requirements over the year. The building Block Method (BBM) (Tharme and King, 1998) is one approach, while the environmental design concept (Forseth and Harby, 2014) has received very much positivism in Norway from both the hydropower industry, management authorities as well as various stakeholder groups. The Building Block Method intends to define flow regimes that are closer to the natural variation in water flow, i.e. mimicking natural floods, freshets and low flow periods. The environmental design concept aims at identifying the factors limiting the development of the fish population, which can be directly related to the flow regime, and then define the most efficient measures to the lowest cost. The environmental design concept also introduces the ‘water bank’ idea, where the water available for environmental purposes is released during the periods it is most needed.
 Hydraulic habitat modelling is a highly sophisticated approach that has been developed since the 1980’s, where the PHABSIM was one of the first computer program for such analysis. Hydraulic habitat modelling has been used in several cases where more detailed studies are required before the water flow regime can be defined, in addition to a large range of purely scientific studies. Hydraulic habitat modelling aims at identifying flows where the habitat conditions are suitable, based on various groups of species’ preferences for hydraulic variable such as water velocity, water depth and substrate conditions. This would sometimes reveal that increasing water flow will not always increase the areas of suitable habitat. Such studies have been carried out mostly related to defining suitable conditions for fish, but is in some cases also applied for benthic invertebrates. Hydraulic habitat modelling would require a 2- or 3-dimensional hydraulic model taking flow as input, and a set of ranges where water velocities, depths and substrate conditions are suitable. Casimir is such a tool that is developed in Germany, but applied in several rivers across Europe, as well as outside Europe. Hydraulic habitat modelling must be considered an ecosystem-based analysis, in contrast to the much simpler statistical approaches, such as applying Q95.
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ==During operation==
-Hydropower operators must normally document that the environmental restrictions are followed, and would have standard monitoring systems (gauging stations) in place. The effect of the released environmental flow must be done by assessing the development of the fish population, e.g. by monitoring juvenile fish densities, number of smolts, etc.
+Hydropower operators must normally document that the environmental restrictions are followed, and would have standard monitoring systems (gauging stations) in place. The effect of the released environmental flow must be surveyed by assessing the development of the fish population, e.g. by monitoring species composition, densities and age structure of populations, number of smolts, etc.
 =Relevant MTDs and test cases=
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 =Relevant literature=
 [[Category:Measures]][[category:Environmental flow measures]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 6 April 2020
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		+	[[file:icon_operation.png\|right\|150px\|link=[[Environmental flow]]]]
		+
	=Introduction=		=Introduction=
	[[file:lundesokna_high_low.png\|thumb\|500px\|Figure 1: The photos show Lundesokna in central Norway at different water flows.]]		[[file:lundesokna_high_low.png\|thumb\|500px\|Figure 1: The photos show Lundesokna in central Norway at different water flows.]]

@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 =Classification table=
 {{Mitigating reduced annual flow and low flow measures}}
 [[Category:Measures]][[category:Environmental flow measures]]

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 =Classification table=
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Classification !! Selection