Difference between revisions of "By-passing sediments"

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[[file:icon_sediment.png|right|150px|link=[[Sediments]]]]
 
=Introduction=
 
=Introduction=
[[file:sediment_bypass_locations.png|thumb|500px|Figure 1: Sediment pass-by tunnel with two different locations of the intake: a) intake located at the reservoir head, b) intake located inside the reservoir. Longitudinal sections (top) and plain views (bottom) are provide (click to expand).]]
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[[file:sediment_bypass_locations.png|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Sediment pass-by tunnel with two different locations of the intake: a) intake located at the reservoir head, b) intake located inside the reservoir. Longitudinal sections (top) and plain views (bottom) are provide (click to expand).]]
  
Dams act as a barrier for sediment transport in river systems. Sediments-laden inflows bring sediments from upstream catchment that will be trapped when reaching the reservoir. Sediments deposit in the bottom of the reservoir and reduce its storage capacity. In geographical areas with very high sediment concentration, reservoirs can be filled after some years, rendering useless the infrastructure. Consequently, sediments are not transported downstream the dam, resulting in sediment starvation in the downstream river. Lack of sediments can induce severe morphological and ecological impacts.  
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Dams act as a barrier for sediment transport in river systems. Sediment-laden inflows transport sediments from the upstream catchment that will be trapped when reaching the reservoir. Sediments deposit in the bottom of the reservoir and reduce its storage capacity. In geographical areas with very high sediment concentrations, reservoirs can be filled after some years, rendering the infrastructure useless. Consequently, sediments are not transported past the dam, resulting in sediment starvation in the downstream river reach. Lack of sediments can induce severe morphological and ecological impacts.  
  
Sediment by-passing is a measure which aims at routing bed-load and part of the suspended sediment load through or around the reservoir (Morris et al. 1998). The objective is to maintain the storage capacity of the reservoir in addition to insure sediment continuity in the river and avoid morphological and ecological impacts (Hauer et al. 2018).
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Sediment by-passing is a measure which aims at routing bed load and part of the suspended sediment load through or around the reservoir (Morris et al. 1998). The objective is to maintain the storage capacity of the reservoir in addition to insure sediment continuity in the river and avoid morphological and ecological impacts (Hauer et al. 2018; Boes et al. 2019).
  
Sediment by-pass consists in diverting bed-load and part of the suspended load around the reservoir to prevent them for entering the reservoir. The sediment-laden inflows are diverted through a tunnel at the entrance of the reservoir and conveyed in the river downstream the dam. A weir or a guide wall located at the upstream head of the reservoir re-directs the water to the tunnel during period of high flow and high sediments loads, and allows water entering the reservoir during period with low sediment loads. Alternatively, the intake structure can be located inside the reservoir, leading to some deposition in the upstream part of the reservoir.
+
Sediment by-pass consists in diverting bed load and part of the suspended load around the reservoir to prevent them from entering the reservoir. The sediment-laden inflows are diverted through a tunnel at the entrance of the reservoir and conveyed to the river reach downstream of the dam. A weir or a guide wall located at the upstream head of the reservoir re-directs the water to the tunnel during periods of high flow and high sediments loads, and allows water entering the reservoir during periods with low sediment loads (Fig. 1a). Alternatively, the intake structure can be located inside the reservoir, leading to some deposition in the upstream part of the reservoir (Fig. 1b).
 
 
An alternative to bypass sediments through a tunnel is in transporting them with trucks or boats. Accumulated sediments are excavated from the reservoir, bypassed around the reservoir via trucks or boats and transported downstream.
 
  
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An alternative to bypass sediments through a tunnel is in transporting them with trucks or boats. Accumulated sediments are excavated from the reservoir, bypassed around the reservoir via trucks or boats, dumped downstream of the dam and transported downstream by flood flows.
  
 
=[[Methods, tools, and devices]]=
 
=[[Methods, tools, and devices]]=
  
 
==During planning==
 
==During planning==
The design of bypass tunnels depends on catchment characteristics like topography, geology, hydrology and reservoirs shape and size. (Tiger et al. 2011, Hauer et al. 2018).  They function well in small reservoir with steep sides as the gradient of the diversion channel need to be sufficient to insure the transport of sediments. Bypass tunnels is a measure that do not interfere with hydropower operations since it does not require a drawdown of the reservoir. In addition, it induces less impacts on the downstream ecosystems than flushing or sluicing. However, bypass structures are not well adapted to flood control reservoirs as they undercut the main role of these reservoirs (Kondolf et al. 2014).
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The design of bypass tunnels depends on catchment characteristics like topography, geology, hydrology and the reservoir's shape and size (Tigrek et al. 2011, Hauer et al. 2018, Boes et al. 2019).  They function well in small reservoir with steep slopes as the gradient of the diversion channel needs to be sufficiently large to insure the transport of sediments. The use of bypass tunnels with intake located at the reservoir head is a measure that does not interfere with hydropower operations since it does not require a drawdown of the reservoir. In contrast, if the tunnel intake is located in the reservoir, a partial reservoir drawdown is required to transport incoming sediment to the tunnel guiding structure (Fig. 1). In addition, sediment routing through bypass tunnels induces less impacts on the downstream ecosystems than reservoir flushing or sluicing. However, bypass structures are not well adapted to flood control reservoirs as they undercut the main role of these reservoirs (Kondolf et al. 2014).
  
 
==During implementation==
 
==During implementation==
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==During operation==
 
==During operation==
The main challenge of bypass tunnels is abrasion. Entrance of sediments degrades the inlets of the tunnels and can induce deep abrasion of the material. High strength concrete is recommended for the construction of the tunnels.
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The main challenge of bypass tunnels is abrasion. The intense bed load transport degrades the invert of the tunnels and can induce deep abrasion of the material. High-strength concrete or hard natural stone materials such a sgranit are recommended for the invert protection of the sediment bypass tunnels (Müller-Hagmann et al., 2020).
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=Relevant MTDs and test cases=
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{{Suitable MTDs for By-passing sediments}}
  
 
=Classification Table=
 
=Classification Table=
 
{{By-passing sediments}}
 
{{By-passing sediments}}
  
[[category:Sediment measures]][[category:Measures]]
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=Relevant Literature=
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*Boes, R.M., Müller-Hagmann, M., Albayrak, I. (2019). Design, operation and morphological effects of bypass tunnels as a sediment routing technique. Proc. 3rd Intl. Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, pp. 40-50, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
 +
*Müller-Hagmann, Albayrak, M., Auel, C., I. Boes, R.M. (2020). Field Investigation on hydroabrasion in high-speed sediment-laden flows at sediment bypass tunnels. Water 12(2), 469, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/2/469.
 +
*Morris, G. L., and Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and Management of Dams, Reservoirs and Watersheds for Sustainable Use, McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York
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*Hauer C., Wagner B., Aigner J., Holzapfel P., Flödl P., Liedermann M., Tritthart M., Sindelar C., Pulg U., Klösch M., Haimann M., Donnum B.O., Stickler M., Habersack H. 2018. State of the art, shortcomings and future challenges for a sustainable sediment management in hydropower: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018(98):40-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.031
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*Kondolf G.M., Gao Y., Annandale G.W., Morris G.L., Jiang E., Zhang J., Cao Y., Carling U.P., Fu K.,  Guo Q., Hotchkiss R., Peteuil C. , Sumi T., Wang H.‐W.,  Wang Z., Wei Z., Wu B., Wu C. and Yang C. T. 2014. Sustainable sediment management in reservoirs and regulated rivers: experiences from five continents. Earth's Future, 2 (2014), pp. 256-280.
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*Tigrek, S., and Aras, T. 2011. Reservoir Sediment Management, CRC Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 203p.
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[[category:Sediment measures]][[category:Solutions]]

Latest revision as of 10:03, 26 October 2020

Icon sediment.png

Introduction

Figure 1: Sediment pass-by tunnel with two different locations of the intake: a) intake located at the reservoir head, b) intake located inside the reservoir. Longitudinal sections (top) and plain views (bottom) are provide (click to expand).

Dams act as a barrier for sediment transport in river systems. Sediment-laden inflows transport sediments from the upstream catchment that will be trapped when reaching the reservoir. Sediments deposit in the bottom of the reservoir and reduce its storage capacity. In geographical areas with very high sediment concentrations, reservoirs can be filled after some years, rendering the infrastructure useless. Consequently, sediments are not transported past the dam, resulting in sediment starvation in the downstream river reach. Lack of sediments can induce severe morphological and ecological impacts.

Sediment by-passing is a measure which aims at routing bed load and part of the suspended sediment load through or around the reservoir (Morris et al. 1998). The objective is to maintain the storage capacity of the reservoir in addition to insure sediment continuity in the river and avoid morphological and ecological impacts (Hauer et al. 2018; Boes et al. 2019).

Sediment by-pass consists in diverting bed load and part of the suspended load around the reservoir to prevent them from entering the reservoir. The sediment-laden inflows are diverted through a tunnel at the entrance of the reservoir and conveyed to the river reach downstream of the dam. A weir or a guide wall located at the upstream head of the reservoir re-directs the water to the tunnel during periods of high flow and high sediments loads, and allows water entering the reservoir during periods with low sediment loads (Fig. 1a). Alternatively, the intake structure can be located inside the reservoir, leading to some deposition in the upstream part of the reservoir (Fig. 1b).

An alternative to bypass sediments through a tunnel is in transporting them with trucks or boats. Accumulated sediments are excavated from the reservoir, bypassed around the reservoir via trucks or boats, dumped downstream of the dam and transported downstream by flood flows.

Methods, tools, and devices

During planning

The design of bypass tunnels depends on catchment characteristics like topography, geology, hydrology and the reservoir's shape and size (Tigrek et al. 2011, Hauer et al. 2018, Boes et al. 2019). They function well in small reservoir with steep slopes as the gradient of the diversion channel needs to be sufficiently large to insure the transport of sediments. The use of bypass tunnels with intake located at the reservoir head is a measure that does not interfere with hydropower operations since it does not require a drawdown of the reservoir. In contrast, if the tunnel intake is located in the reservoir, a partial reservoir drawdown is required to transport incoming sediment to the tunnel guiding structure (Fig. 1). In addition, sediment routing through bypass tunnels induces less impacts on the downstream ecosystems than reservoir flushing or sluicing. However, bypass structures are not well adapted to flood control reservoirs as they undercut the main role of these reservoirs (Kondolf et al. 2014).

During implementation

Construction of bypass structures (canals or tunnels) have relatively high investments costs. They should be built at the time of reservoir construction to minimize technical efforts.

During operation

The main challenge of bypass tunnels is abrasion. The intense bed load transport degrades the invert of the tunnels and can induce deep abrasion of the material. High-strength concrete or hard natural stone materials such a sgranit are recommended for the invert protection of the sediment bypass tunnels (Müller-Hagmann et al., 2020).

Relevant MTDs and test cases

Relevant MTDs
BASEMENT
Bedload monitoring system
HEC-RAS
Shaft hydropower plant
Relevant test cases Applied in test case?
Gotein test case -
Guma and Vadocondes test cases -
Las Rives test case -
Trois Villes test case -

Classification Table

Classification Selection
Fish species for the measure Gravel spawners
Does the measure require loss of power production Operational (requires flow release outside turbine)
-
-
Recurrence of maintenance Irregular at events
Which life-stage of fish is measure aimed at Spawning / Recruitment
Juveniles
Adult fish
Movements of migration of fish
Which physical parameter is addressed -
-
-
Substrate and hyporheic zone
-
-
-
-
Hydropower type the measure is suitable for Plant in dam
Plant with bypass section
Dam height (m) the measure is suitable for Higher than 10
Section in the regulated system measure is designed for -
-
-
Downstream outlet
River type implemented Steep gradient (up to 0.4 %)
-
-
Level of certainty in effect Moderately certain
Technology readiness level TRL 9: actual system proven in operational environment
Cost of solution See cost table

Relevant Literature

  • Boes, R.M., Müller-Hagmann, M., Albayrak, I. (2019). Design, operation and morphological effects of bypass tunnels as a sediment routing technique. Proc. 3rd Intl. Workshop on Sediment Bypass Tunnels, pp. 40-50, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • Müller-Hagmann, Albayrak, M., Auel, C., I. Boes, R.M. (2020). Field Investigation on hydroabrasion in high-speed sediment-laden flows at sediment bypass tunnels. Water 12(2), 469, https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/2/469.
  • Morris, G. L., and Fan, J. 1998. Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook: Design and Management of Dams, Reservoirs and Watersheds for Sustainable Use, McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York
  • Hauer C., Wagner B., Aigner J., Holzapfel P., Flödl P., Liedermann M., Tritthart M., Sindelar C., Pulg U., Klösch M., Haimann M., Donnum B.O., Stickler M., Habersack H. 2018. State of the art, shortcomings and future challenges for a sustainable sediment management in hydropower: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018(98):40-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.08.031
  • Kondolf G.M., Gao Y., Annandale G.W., Morris G.L., Jiang E., Zhang J., Cao Y., Carling U.P., Fu K., Guo Q., Hotchkiss R., Peteuil C. , Sumi T., Wang H.‐W., Wang Z., Wei Z., Wu B., Wu C. and Yang C. T. 2014. Sustainable sediment management in reservoirs and regulated rivers: experiences from five continents. Earth's Future, 2 (2014), pp. 256-280.
  • Tigrek, S., and Aras, T. 2011. Reservoir Sediment Management, CRC Press, Leiden, The Netherlands, 203p.