Difference between revisions of "Particle image velocimetry (PIV)"

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(Created page with "=Quick summary= file:adcp_example_units.png|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Exemples of ADCPs: (a) Teledyne RiverPro with 5 beams (source: http://www.teledynemarine.com) and (b) Sonte...")
 
 
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=Quick summary=
 
=Quick summary=
[[file:adcp_example_units.png|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Exemples of ADCPs: (a) Teledyne RiverPro with 5 beams (source: http://www.teledynemarine.com) and (b) Sontek M9 with 9 beams and S5 with 5 beams (source: https://www.sontek.com).]]
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[[file:piv_2d_system.png|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Set-up of a standard 2D PIV system (Raffel et al 2007).]]
[[file:adcp_qboat.png|thumb|250px|Figure 2: Teledyne Marine Q-boat of VAW equipped with Riverpro ADCP and DGPS.]]
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[[file:piv_large_scale.png|thumb|250px|Figure 2: LSPIV measurement sequence: (a) imaging the area to be measured (white patterns indicate the natural or added tracers used for visualization of the free surface), (b) the distorted raw image, and (c) the undistorted image with the estimated velocity velocity vectors overlaid on the image (Muste et al. 2008).]]
[[file:adcp_wse.png|thumb|250px|Figure 3: Water surface elevation along the power canal of HPP Schiffmühle (black line: DGPS data and red line: total station data).]]
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[[file:piv_airborne.png|thumb|250px|Figure 3: Swiss grid georeferenced surface velocity field and streamlines measured by AIV, including areas of noisy velocity data. (Note that according to Le Coz et al. (2010), depth averaged velocities can be estimated by multiplying the surface velocity by factors 0.79-0.89, with a central value close to 0.85); (Detert et al. 2019).]]
[[file:adcp_workflow.png|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Workflow used for post-processing of ADCP data (click to expand).]]
 
[[file:adcp_output.png|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Depth averaged flow velocities upstream of the HPP Bannwil measured with the ADCP boat at a discharge of 402 m3/s (background image: © 2018 swisstopo (JD 100041)).]]
 
  
Developed by: Various Companies
 
  
Date:  
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Developed by: -
 +
 
 +
Date: -
  
 
Type: [[:Category:Devices|Device]], [[:Category:Methods|Method]]
 
Type: [[:Category:Devices|Device]], [[:Category:Methods|Method]]
 
Suitable for the following [[::Category:Measures|measures]]:
 
  
 
=Introduction=
 
=Introduction=
  
 
==Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)==
 
==Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)==
The particle image velocimetry (PIV), is an optical technique to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring the velocity of the movement of particles transported in this fluid assuming that the particles are transported with the fluid without losses or disturbances.  
+
The particle image velocimetry (PIV), is an optical technique to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring the velocity of the movement of particles transported in this fluid, assuming that the particles are transported with the fluid without losses or disturbances.  
 +
 
 +
The main devices used for this technique are:
 +
* A source of light (for PIV usually a laser, however strong LED lights become more popular)
 +
* At least one camera (in case of a 3D or volume measurement up to at least 4 cameras)
 +
* Synchronizer to be able to automatically synchronize the camera (times when the pictures are taken) with the laser, otherwise, the pictures would not be properly illuminated
 +
* Software for evaluation of the results
 +
* Mostly also tracer particles as seeding
  
The main devices used for this technique are:
 
*A source of light (for PIV usually a laser, however strong LED lights become more popular)
 
*At least one camera (in case of a 3D or volume measurement up to at least 4 cameras)
 
*Synchronizer to be able to automatically synchronize the camera (times when the pictures are taken) with the laser, otherwise, the pictures would not be properly illuminated
 
*Software for evaluation of the results
 
*Mostly also tracer particles as seeding
 
  
PIV is an instantaneous method to measure the flow. The main set-up includes usually a laser as a source of light (see Figure 63). With this laser, a so called laser sheet, a plain area within the fluid which is enlightened with the laser is created. All particles transported with the fluid are supposed to reflect the light and become visible like that. This effect can be supported by the use of special tracer particles (which are quite costly, so this is only recommended for lab use).  
+
PIV is an instantaneous method to measure the flow. The main set-up usually includes a laser as a source of light (see Figure 1). With this laser, a so-called laser sheet, a plain area within the fluid, which is enlightened with the laser, is created. All particles transported with the fluid are supposed to reflect the light and become visible like that. This effect can be supported by using special tracer particles (which are quite costly and not necessarily environmentally friendly, so this is only recommended for lab use).
  
A camera takes pictures of the moving particles in predefined very short time intervals t. Based on the known t the flow velocity can be calculated using special algorithms to evaluate the movement of the seeding points visible in the picture. The evaluation of the pictures uses an Eulerian’ approach. To be able to evaluate the distances on the pictures the system needs to be calibrated. As both, the time between the two pictures as well as the distance one particle has moved comparing these pictures the particle and hence the fluid velocity can be calculated.
+
A camera takes pictures of the moving particles in predefined, very short time intervals t. Based on the known t the flow velocity can be calculated using special algorithms to evaluate the movement of the seeding particles visible in the picture. The evaluation of the pictures uses an Eulerian’ approach. To be able to evaluate the shifts on the pictures the system needs to be calibrated. Using the information about the time shift t between two pictures and the calibrated length scale, comparing the shift of the particles on the pictures allow the calculation of the particle movement and hence the fluid velocity.  
  
To be able to achieve good results it is necessary to mind certain rules such as that one particle on the resulting picture should have the size of approx.. 2-3 pixel etc. It is highly recommended to get a detailed view into the literature (i.a. Raffel et al 2007) before starting with a measurement.  
+
To be able to achieve good results it is necessary to keep in mind certain rules such as that one particle on the resulting picture should have the size of approx. 2-3 pixel etc. It is highly recommended to get a detailed view into the literature (i.a. Raffel et al 2007) before starting with a measurement.  
  
The PIV can be bought as a complete system, usually including the software. Different companies such as ILA Laser applications, Dantec or LaVision offer this possibility including support. Some research institutions and universities also develop their own codes for post-processing depending on their needs or build the laser or camera system on their own.  
+
The PIV can be bought as a complete system, usually in a package with the software. Different companies such as ILA Laser applications, Dantec or LaVision offer this possibility including support. Some research institutions and universities also develop their own codes for post-processing depending on their needs or build the whole laser or camera system on their own.  
 +
  
 
==Large Scale PIV (LS-PIV) or Airborne Image Velocimetry (AIV)==
 
==Large Scale PIV (LS-PIV) or Airborne Image Velocimetry (AIV)==
Based on the idea of PIV the so called Large Scale PIV (LS-PIV) or Airborne Image Velocimetry (AIV) was developed. As “Large Scale” with the increasing technical possibilities became a quite wide meaning the term AIV is more correct nowadays and used hereinafter.
+
Based on the idea of PIV the so-called Large Scale PIV (LS-PIV) or Airborne Image Velocimetry (AIV) was developed. As “Large Scale” with the increasing technical possibilities became a quite wide meaning, the term AIV is more correct nowadays and used hereinafter.  
  
The measurement and evaluation technique is basically the same set-up and underlying theory as PIV and adapts this for use on large scale mainly in the field. As mentioned above the term large scale is not defined, generally, it means more than lab size with about max. 1.5m x 1.5m for very good conditions. Such as a PIV the AIV is an optical system used to measure flow velocities, other than the PIV mainly surface velocities in 2D.  
+
The measurement and evaluation technique is basically the same set-up and underlying theory as PIV and adapts this for use on large scale mainly in the field. As mentioned above the term large scale is not defined, generally it means more than lab size with about max. 1.5m x 1.5m for very good conditions. Such as a PIV the AIV is an optical system used to measure flow velocities, other than the PIV mainly surface velocities in 2D.  
  
 
Instead of Laser as a source of light, the AIV uses the sun. This might become a problem for the evaluation of the pictures when direct sun is present, as reflections will affect the quality of the results.  
 
Instead of Laser as a source of light, the AIV uses the sun. This might become a problem for the evaluation of the pictures when direct sun is present, as reflections will affect the quality of the results.  
 +
The camera is often mounted on a UAV to ensure a sufficient size of the pictures taken as a result of greater distance and angle (Figure 2). Seeding is recommended for a sufficient quality of results. As the seeding, other than for the use with PIV, is used in a natural environment and most likely it will not be possible to collect it back behind the area of interest it is necessary to use seeding which is biodegradable such as wood chips or maize flips (environmentally friendly packing material). Any other material which is biodegradable and available can be used as well, as long as it is following the flow and is visible on the pictures taken.
  
The camera is often mounted on a UAV to ensure a sufficient size of the pictures taken as a result of greater distance and angle (Figure 64). Seeding is recommended for a sufficient quality of results. As the seeding, other than for the use with PIV, is used in a natural environment and most likely it will not be possible to collect it back behind the area of interest it is necessary to use seeding which is biodegradable such as wood chips or maize flips (packing material). Any other material which is biodegradable and available can be used as well as long as it is following the flow and is visible on the pictures taken.
 
  
 
=Application=
 
=Application=
Within the scope of FIThydro, high resolution 3D velocity, as well as bathymetry measurements, have been conducted using an ADCP mounted on a high speed remote-controlled boat at two hydropower plants (HPP) in Switzerland since the beginning of 2018. The models of the ADCP and the boat are River Pro 1200 kHz including piston style four-beam transducer with a 5th, independent 600 kHz vertical beam and Q-Boat purchased from Teledyne Marine, USA, respectively (Figure 2). An external Differential GPS (DGPS) system from A326 AtlasLink (Hemisphere) was used to accurately measure the positions of the ADCP. One set of the battery for the Q-boat allowed us to make measurements for 4 hours up to 10 hours depending on the flow velocity and field conditions i.e. temperature.
+
For the application, the study area needs to be well known and targets need to be distributed in the area to ensure a defined distance for calibration on the pictures. As due to the huge amount of seeding needed for one run, not too many tests can be done and it is highly recommended to prepare the experiment properly.
 +
* Set up of targets (either own targets such as wooden crosses or coded targets can be used). The coded targets are especially of interest in case the measurement shall be combined with a Structure from Motion measurement
 +
* Preparation of the drone, best case would be an automated flight route, however, also manual flights are possible without any problem
 +
* Preparation of any other measurement devices to be used at the same time, when the seeding starts floating everything needs to run smoothly
 +
* Preparation of the team which is responsible for spreading the seeding: based on a detailed planning it needs to be ensured, that the seeding is present in a sufficient amount under the drone, hence visible in the picture taken.
 +
* In general, it depends on the camera of the resolution and frequency for pictures or movies is better
 +
*A second run of the experiment would be recommended
  
Compass calibration and moving bed tests are conducted before each ADCP measurement at the case study HPPs. The Test Case study HPP Schiffmühle is located on the 35 km long river Limmat between in Untersiggenthal and Turgi near Baden in Switzerland (see the Test Case presentation file for HPP Schiffmühle). Two transects of ADCP at each densely spaced cross-section along the river were enough but high accuracy of altitude data was required for the bathymetry measurements at the HPP and in general. The present DGPS system resulted in ±1m of errors in altitude measurements (Figure 3, black line). Therefore, use of a total station, which is time consuming, or real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS is recommended to accurately determine water surface and hence bathymetry (Figure 3, red line from total station measurements).  
+
After the data collection in the field, the more time-consuming part is the data evaluation. Therefor different software can be used. Usually all variations of commercial products such as the PIV software of DanTec, ILA or LaVision. Further free software such as PIVlab can be used.  
  
Furthermore, the test results from the HPP Bannwil located on River Aare in canton Bern indicated that averaging of at least 8 transects or even more at each cross-section is needed to obtain robust and smooth velocity field and accurate discharge data at highly turbulent and 3D flows occurring in rivers, turbine inlet and outlets or other hydraulic structures (see the Test Case presentation file for HPP Bannwil).
+
Depending on the software different levels of own effort are necessary when it comes to rectification of the pictures (Detert et al. 2015; Patalano et al 2017). The software is, when using PIVlab, MATLAB based and the basic idea is the same as for a standard PIV.  
  
The ADCP data from both HPPs Schiffmühle and Bannwil are post-processed according to the workflow sketched in Figure 4 using the software WinRiver II (Teledyne software) and velocity mapping toolbox (VMT, Matlab based software for processing and visualizing ADCP data provided by U.S. Geological Survey). Figure 5 shows the depth-averaged velocities at the HPP Bannwil plotted with VMT. VMT can be used with the output files from Sontek ADCPs. For further data analysis and presentation on the maps like river bed changes, Q-GIS (free software) or ARC-GIS (Commercial software) are also recommended.
+
Note that the results generated are surface velocities in the measured areas (Figure 3).  
  
The present system based on the remote-controlled boat platform has advantages over the tethered boat ADCP application. These are less man-power needed, faster and more measurements in a shorter time, no flow disturbance and interference with beams and smoother movement of the boat.
 
  
 +
=Relevant mitigation measures and test cases=
 +
{{Suitable measures for Particle image velocimetry (PIV)}}
  
 
=Other information=
 
=Other information=
The total costs for the geophone and accelerometer sensors amount to approx. 885-1'330 €. The costs for the field computer, the analog-digital-converter, and the 3G modem are approx. 5'300-6'200 €. The total costs for the Teledyne RiverPro 1200 kHz, Teledyne Q-boat and DGPS from Hemisphere Atlas link amount to approx. 22’000 €, 21’200 € and 3’340 € respectively. The costs of shipping, VAT, some mounting apparatus and long-range radio modem are excluded. For current costs of the equipment, we recommend to ask the corresponding supplier. Note that Q-boat can also house Sontek RiverSurveyor M9. Furthermore, a rugged laptop for field use is recommended.
+
Costs depend mainly on the staff needed for conducting the experiment and in case a commercial software is used for evaluation on the license costs.
  
 
=Relevant literature=
 
=Relevant literature=
*Mueller, D.S., Wagner, C.R., Rehmel, M.S., Oberg, K.A., Rainville, F. (2013). Measuring discharge with acoustic Doppler current profilers from a moving boat (ver. 2.0, December 2013), U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 3, chap. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/tm3A22.
+
*Detert, M., & Weitbrecht, V. (2014). Helicopter-based surface PIV experiments at Thur River. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on River Flow, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2003–2008.
 
+
*Detert, M., & Weitbrecht, V. (2015). Estimation of flow discharge by an airborne velocimetry system. First International SHF-Conference on Drones et hydraulique, Paris-Cachan, France.
*Simpson, M.R. (2002). Discharge measurements using a broadband acoustic Doppler current profiler. Open-file Report 2001-1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr011.
+
*Detert, M., Weitbrecht, V., (2015). A low-cost airborne velocimetry system: proof of concept. Journal of Hydraulic Research 53, 532–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2015.1054322
 
+
*Detert, M., Cao, L. & Albayrak, I. (2019). Airborne image velocimetry measurements at the hydropower plant Schiffmühle on Limmat river, Switzerland. HydroSenSoft, International Symposium and *Exhibition on Hydro-Environment Sensors and Software, Madrid, Spain, ISBN: 978-90-824846-4-9
<b>Links to the suppliers of equipment:</b>
+
*Dramais, G., Le Coz, J., Camenen, B., & Hauet, A. (2011). Advantages of a mobile LSPIV method for measuring flood discharges and improving stage-discharge curves. Journal of Hydroenviromental Research, 5, 301–312.
 
+
*Fujita, I., & Hino, T. (2003). Unseeded and seeded PIV measurementsof river flows video from a helicopter. Journal of Visualization, 6, 245–252.
*Teledyne Marine, ADCP RiverPro: http://www.teledynemarine.com/riverpro-adcp?ProductLineID=13
+
*Fujita, I., & Kunita, Y. (2011). Application of aerial LSPIV to the 2002 flood of the Yodo River using a helicopter mounted high density video camera. Journal of Hydroenvironmental Research, 5, 323–331.
 
+
*Gunawan, B., Sun, X., Sterling, M., Shiono, K., Tsubaki, R., Rameshwaran, P., Knight, D.W., Chandler, J.H., Tang, X., Fujita, I., (2012). The application of LS-PIV to a small irregular river for inbank and overbank flows. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 24, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2012.02.001
*Teledyne Marine, Q-Boat: http://www.teledynemarine.com/Lists/Downloads/Q-Boat_1800_Datasheet.pdf
+
*Le Coz, J., Hauet, A., Pierrefeu, G., Dramais, G., Camenen, B., 2010. Performance of image-based velocimetry (LSPIV) applied to flash-flood discharge measurements in Mediterranean rivers. Journal of Hydrology 394, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.049
 
+
*Muste, M., Fujita, I., & Hauet, A. (2008). Large-scale particle image velocimetry for measurements in riverine environments. Special Issue on Hydrologic Measurements, Water Resources Research, 44, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006950.
*Hemisphere Atlas DPS: https://hemispheregnss.com/Atlas/atlaslinke284a2-gnss-smart-antenna-1226
+
*Muste, M., Hauet, A., Fujita, I., Legout, C., Ho, H.-C., (2014). Capabilities of Large-scale Particle Image Velocimetry to characterize shallow free-surface flows. Advances in Water Resources 70, 160–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.04.004
 
+
*Patalano A, Garcia CM, Rodriguez A (2017) Rectification of image velocity results (river): a simple and user-friendly toolbox for large scale water surface particle image velocimetry (piv) and particle tracking velocimetry (ptv). Comput Geosci 109:323–330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.07.009
*Sontek ADCP M9: https://www.sontek.com/riversurveyor-s5-m9
+
*Pagano, C., Tauro, F., Porfiri, M., & Grimaldi, S. (2014). Development and testing of an unmanned aerial vehicle for large scale particle image velocimetry. Proceedings of ASEM (2014) Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, San Antonio,USA, DSCC2014-5838.
 
+
* Raffel, M., Willert, C., Wereley, S.T., Kompenhans, J. (2007). Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72308-0
<b>Software for ADCP data analysis:</b>
+
*Thielicke, W., & Stamhuis, E. J. (2014). PIVlab: Time-resolved digital Particle Image Velocimetry tool for MATLAB (version: 1.35). http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1092508.
 
+
*Weitbrecht, V., Kühn, G., & Jirka, G. H. (2002). Large-scale PIV-measurements at the surface of shallow water flows. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 13, 237–245.
*Velocity Mapping Toolbox: https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/movingboat/VMT/VMT.shtml
 
 
 
*Q-GIS: https://qgis.org/en/site/
 
 
 
*ARC-GIS: https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/about-arcgis/overview
 
  
 
=Contact information=
 
=Contact information=
  
  
[[Category:Devices]]
+
[[Category:Devices]][[Category:Methods]]

Latest revision as of 07:02, 30 September 2020

Quick summary

Figure 1: Set-up of a standard 2D PIV system (Raffel et al 2007).
Figure 2: LSPIV measurement sequence: (a) imaging the area to be measured (white patterns indicate the natural or added tracers used for visualization of the free surface), (b) the distorted raw image, and (c) the undistorted image with the estimated velocity velocity vectors overlaid on the image (Muste et al. 2008).
Figure 3: Swiss grid georeferenced surface velocity field and streamlines measured by AIV, including areas of noisy velocity data. (Note that according to Le Coz et al. (2010), depth averaged velocities can be estimated by multiplying the surface velocity by factors 0.79-0.89, with a central value close to 0.85); (Detert et al. 2019).


Developed by: -

Date: -

Type: Device, Method

Introduction

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

The particle image velocimetry (PIV), is an optical technique to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring the velocity of the movement of particles transported in this fluid, assuming that the particles are transported with the fluid without losses or disturbances.

The main devices used for this technique are:

  • A source of light (for PIV usually a laser, however strong LED lights become more popular)
  • At least one camera (in case of a 3D or volume measurement up to at least 4 cameras)
  • Synchronizer to be able to automatically synchronize the camera (times when the pictures are taken) with the laser, otherwise, the pictures would not be properly illuminated
  • Software for evaluation of the results
  • Mostly also tracer particles as seeding


PIV is an instantaneous method to measure the flow. The main set-up usually includes a laser as a source of light (see Figure 1). With this laser, a so-called laser sheet, a plain area within the fluid, which is enlightened with the laser, is created. All particles transported with the fluid are supposed to reflect the light and become visible like that. This effect can be supported by using special tracer particles (which are quite costly and not necessarily environmentally friendly, so this is only recommended for lab use).

A camera takes pictures of the moving particles in predefined, very short time intervals t. Based on the known t the flow velocity can be calculated using special algorithms to evaluate the movement of the seeding particles visible in the picture. The evaluation of the pictures uses an Eulerian’ approach. To be able to evaluate the shifts on the pictures the system needs to be calibrated. Using the information about the time shift t between two pictures and the calibrated length scale, comparing the shift of the particles on the pictures allow the calculation of the particle movement and hence the fluid velocity.

To be able to achieve good results it is necessary to keep in mind certain rules such as that one particle on the resulting picture should have the size of approx. 2-3 pixel etc. It is highly recommended to get a detailed view into the literature (i.a. Raffel et al 2007) before starting with a measurement.

The PIV can be bought as a complete system, usually in a package with the software. Different companies such as ILA Laser applications, Dantec or LaVision offer this possibility including support. Some research institutions and universities also develop their own codes for post-processing depending on their needs or build the whole laser or camera system on their own.


Large Scale PIV (LS-PIV) or Airborne Image Velocimetry (AIV)

Based on the idea of PIV the so-called Large Scale PIV (LS-PIV) or Airborne Image Velocimetry (AIV) was developed. As “Large Scale” with the increasing technical possibilities became a quite wide meaning, the term AIV is more correct nowadays and used hereinafter.

The measurement and evaluation technique is basically the same set-up and underlying theory as PIV and adapts this for use on large scale mainly in the field. As mentioned above the term large scale is not defined, generally it means more than lab size with about max. 1.5m x 1.5m for very good conditions. Such as a PIV the AIV is an optical system used to measure flow velocities, other than the PIV mainly surface velocities in 2D.

Instead of Laser as a source of light, the AIV uses the sun. This might become a problem for the evaluation of the pictures when direct sun is present, as reflections will affect the quality of the results. The camera is often mounted on a UAV to ensure a sufficient size of the pictures taken as a result of greater distance and angle (Figure 2). Seeding is recommended for a sufficient quality of results. As the seeding, other than for the use with PIV, is used in a natural environment and most likely it will not be possible to collect it back behind the area of interest it is necessary to use seeding which is biodegradable such as wood chips or maize flips (environmentally friendly packing material). Any other material which is biodegradable and available can be used as well, as long as it is following the flow and is visible on the pictures taken.


Application

For the application, the study area needs to be well known and targets need to be distributed in the area to ensure a defined distance for calibration on the pictures. As due to the huge amount of seeding needed for one run, not too many tests can be done and it is highly recommended to prepare the experiment properly.

  • Set up of targets (either own targets such as wooden crosses or coded targets can be used). The coded targets are especially of interest in case the measurement shall be combined with a Structure from Motion measurement
  • Preparation of the drone, best case would be an automated flight route, however, also manual flights are possible without any problem
  • Preparation of any other measurement devices to be used at the same time, when the seeding starts floating everything needs to run smoothly
  • Preparation of the team which is responsible for spreading the seeding: based on a detailed planning it needs to be ensured, that the seeding is present in a sufficient amount under the drone, hence visible in the picture taken.
  • In general, it depends on the camera of the resolution and frequency for pictures or movies is better
  • A second run of the experiment would be recommended

After the data collection in the field, the more time-consuming part is the data evaluation. Therefor different software can be used. Usually all variations of commercial products such as the PIV software of DanTec, ILA or LaVision. Further free software such as PIVlab can be used.

Depending on the software different levels of own effort are necessary when it comes to rectification of the pictures (Detert et al. 2015; Patalano et al 2017). The software is, when using PIVlab, MATLAB based and the basic idea is the same as for a standard PIV.

Note that the results generated are surface velocities in the measured areas (Figure 3).


Relevant mitigation measures and test cases

Relevant measures
Baffle fishways
Bottom-type intakes (Coanda screen, Lepine water intake, etc)
Fish-friendly turbines
Fish refuge under hydropeaking conditions
Fishways for eels and lampreys
Nature-like fishways
Operational measures (turbine operations, spillway passage)
Other types of fine screens
Placement of dead wood and debris
Placement of spawning gravel in the river
Placement of stones in the river
Pool-type fishways
Skimming walls (fixed or floating)
Vertical slot fishways
Relevant test cases Applied in test case?
Altheim test case -
Altusried test case -
Anundsjö test case -
Bannwil test case -
Freudenau test case -
Gotein test case -
Günz test case -
Ham test case -
Las Rives test case -
Schiffmühle test case Yes
Trois Villes test case -

Other information

Costs depend mainly on the staff needed for conducting the experiment and in case a commercial software is used for evaluation on the license costs.

Relevant literature

  • Detert, M., & Weitbrecht, V. (2014). Helicopter-based surface PIV experiments at Thur River. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on River Flow, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2003–2008.
  • Detert, M., & Weitbrecht, V. (2015). Estimation of flow discharge by an airborne velocimetry system. First International SHF-Conference on Drones et hydraulique, Paris-Cachan, France.
  • Detert, M., Weitbrecht, V., (2015). A low-cost airborne velocimetry system: proof of concept. Journal of Hydraulic Research 53, 532–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2015.1054322
  • Detert, M., Cao, L. & Albayrak, I. (2019). Airborne image velocimetry measurements at the hydropower plant Schiffmühle on Limmat river, Switzerland. HydroSenSoft, International Symposium and *Exhibition on Hydro-Environment Sensors and Software, Madrid, Spain, ISBN: 978-90-824846-4-9
  • Dramais, G., Le Coz, J., Camenen, B., & Hauet, A. (2011). Advantages of a mobile LSPIV method for measuring flood discharges and improving stage-discharge curves. Journal of Hydroenviromental Research, 5, 301–312.
  • Fujita, I., & Hino, T. (2003). Unseeded and seeded PIV measurementsof river flows video from a helicopter. Journal of Visualization, 6, 245–252.
  • Fujita, I., & Kunita, Y. (2011). Application of aerial LSPIV to the 2002 flood of the Yodo River using a helicopter mounted high density video camera. Journal of Hydroenvironmental Research, 5, 323–331.
  • Gunawan, B., Sun, X., Sterling, M., Shiono, K., Tsubaki, R., Rameshwaran, P., Knight, D.W., Chandler, J.H., Tang, X., Fujita, I., (2012). The application of LS-PIV to a small irregular river for inbank and overbank flows. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 24, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2012.02.001
  • Le Coz, J., Hauet, A., Pierrefeu, G., Dramais, G., Camenen, B., 2010. Performance of image-based velocimetry (LSPIV) applied to flash-flood discharge measurements in Mediterranean rivers. Journal of Hydrology 394, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.049
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